Les effets du transport et de l’utilisation du bois de chauffage en milieu rural dans l’espace géographique du gouvernement local d’Ayedaade, État d’Osun, Nigeria
Musilimu Adeyinka ADETUNJI
Abstract : This study examines the accessibility of rural population to firewood collection points and analyses the effects of the utilization of firewood for cooking purposes in some rural communities in Ayedaade Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. Thirteen rural settlements that each has a population of less than 500 inhabitants were purposively sampled for the study. In each of the selected settlements, an average of sixteen heads of households were sampled for questionnaire administration. A systematic sampling procedure was adopted in the administration of questionnaire to the head of household on the principle of 1 in every 5th building. The structure questionnaire was designed to elicit information about the socio-economic characteristics of head of households, their travel patterns and opinion about the effects of utilization of firewood on the environment. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. Findings revealed that virtually all the rural population in Ayedaade Local Area of Osun State utilize firewood for cooking. Further analysis revealed that many of the rural households travel considerable distances to fetch firewood for cooking purposes. Women and children are mostly responsible for firewood collection and they spend several minutes on trips to access firewood in their various farm sites. There is some significant association between the quantities of firewood utilized for domestic energy and Occupation (p=. 000), Distance Travelled to Firewood Collection Points (p =. 000) and Average Travelling Time to reach firewood collection points (p =. 013). The awareness of rural household on the effects of firewood utilization for domestic cooking differs and it is statistically significant at 0.05%. The study recommends that alternative energy sources for cooking such as kerosene and gas should be subsidized for rural population, as these are less harmful to the environment.
Keywords : Firewood, Cooking, Distance, Rural Settlements and Environment
Résumé : Cette étude examine l’accessibilité de la population rurale aux points de collecte du bois de chauffage et analyse les effets de l’utilisation du bois de chauffage à des fins de cuisson dans certaines communautés rurales dans l’espace géographique du gouvernement local d’Ayedaade, État d’Osun, Nigeria. Treize localités rurales ayant chacune une population de moins de 500 habitants ont été échantillonnées à dessein pour cette étude. Dans chacune des localités sélectionnées, seize chefs de famille en moyenne ont été sélectionnés pour l’administration du questionnaire. La technique de l’échantillonnage systématique a été adoptée à des fins d’administration du questionnaire au chef de ménage suivant le principe d’une résidence sur cinq. Le questionnaire a été conçu dans le but d’obtenir des informations sur les caractéristiques socio-économiques des chefs de ménage, leurs habitudes de déplacement et leur opinion sur les effets de l’utilisation du bois de chauffage sur l’environnement. Des statistiques descriptives et inférentielles ont été utilisées pour analyser les données. Les résultats ont révélé que pratiquement toute la population rurale de la région d’Ayedaade, dans l’État d’Osun, utilise du bois de chauffage pour la cuisine. Une analyse plus approfondie a révélé que pour cuisiner, des personnes issues de nombreux ménages ruraux parcourent des distances considérables pour aller chercher le bois de chauffage. Les femmes et les enfants sont les principaux responsables de la collecte du bois de chauffage et ils passent plusieurs minutes sur les trajets pour accéder au bois de chauffage dans leurs différents sites agricoles. Il existe un lien significatif entre les quantités du bois de chauffage utilisées pour l’énergie domestique et les autres activités journalières (t= 3.205 ; p ‹. 002), la distance parcourue jusqu’aux points de collecte du bois de chauffage (t = 2.098 ; p ‹. 037) et le temps de parcours moyen pour atteindre les points de collecte du bois de chauffage (t = 2.095 ; p ‹. 038). La sensibilisation des ménages ruraux aux effets de l’utilisation du bois de chauffage pour la cuisine domestique est différente et elle est statistiquement significative à 0,05 %. L’étude recommande que les sources d’énergie alternatives pour la cuisine, telles que le kérosène et le gaz, soient subventionnées pour la population rurale, car elles sont moins nocives pour l’environnement.
Mots clés : Bois de chauffage, cuisine, distance, communautés rurales et environnement
Plan
Introduction
Literature review
Study area
Materials and methodology
Material
Methodology
Statistical analysis
Results and discussion
Conclusion and planning implications
References
Full Text Format PDF
INTRODUCTION
Firewood is the major source of energy for domestic cooking in rural communities in developing countries particularly in Nigeria (Adetunji, 2003). High demand for utilization of firewood for domestic energy in many low and medium income countries arise from the fact that firewood is cheaper than other fuel resources and can easily be obtained in the free environment (Gbadegesin and Olorunfemi, 2011; World Health Organisation , 2016a).Wood fuels are the world most important sources of energy for cooking (F.A.O, 1999). Studies on wood fuel utilization at the global level reveal that developing countries rely more on wood fuel for cooking than European countries and North America (FAO 2016d; FAO, 2017). The quantity of firewood utilized for domestic cooking in some developing countries, particularly Nigeria, is difficult to give accurate estimation because there is no specific scale of measurement for marketing in industrial, commercial and domestic uses. The households demand for wood fuel for cooking and heating in rural areas in Nigeria is higher than urban centres because they are less accessible to conventional energy especially electricity and petroleum products due to their poor accessibility to efficient and reliable transport infrastructure (Ogunsanwo, Attah, Adenaiya, and Umar, 2018; Oyedepo , 2012). The quantity of firewood utilized for domestic purposes such as cooking and heating depends on many factors, which include but not limited to socio-economic characteristics of household, geographical location, transport characteristics and others. Literature on determinant factors of utilization of fuel wood and their effects on the environment in Nigeria is scanty.
In an assessment of firewood consumption and its dynamics in Kalisizo sub county, central Uganda, Agea, Kirangwa, Waiswa, and Okia, (2010) have reported that women were more responsible for gathering and movement of firewood for domestic use. The quantity of tonne of pieces of firewood on adult head load bundle ranged from 28 to 60 pieces depending on the size of the pieces and the capacity of an individual to convey them to their respective villages for domestic energy. This study revealed further that the firewood consumed per year shows a positive correlation with the family size. More than 50 % of household members spend an average of 4 to 6 hours for a return journey.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Theoretically, the exploitation of firewood for domestic cooking and heating is a function of demand and supply. Such practices cut across many rural communities in Africa. Ayedaade Local Government Area in Southwestern Nigeria is located in humid tropical region where different species of hard and soft woods growing abundantly (Jaiyeoba, 2016). Household members of this area take the advantage of varieties of species of surplus firewood available in their environment to perform their domestic cooking and heating. In a study of firewood collection in Malawi, Abbot and Homewood (1999), affirm that women generally prefer to gather small size trees for firewood because they are easy and less stressful to carry to their respective villages for domestic uses. Bembridge and Tarlton (1990) as cited in Agea; Kirangwa; Waiswa; and Okia (2010) are of the view that women prefer smaller pieces of firewood because of their suitability for the traditional method of making fire. The tree or shrub species of firewood gathered for domestic cooking depends on the combustible characteristic as perceived by the inhabitants of an area. Households of North-Western Uganda prefer a mixture of exotic and indigenous species for domestic uses (Yikiiet.al. 2006). In this area, some women travel long distances to look for their most preferred tree or shrub species for firewood (Agea; Kirangwa; Waiswa; and Okia, 2010).
In different studies on the determinant factors influencing utilization of firewood for domestic uses in China, Jiang and O’Neill (2004) and Zhou et.al., (2008) as cited in Demurger and Fournier (2010) have reported that availability of other energy sources, geographical location of inhabitants and characteristics of an area are the primary factors affecting biomass utilization. A careful review of literature at the global level reveals the existence of a wide range of papers on the utilization of firewood for domestic cooking (Agea,Kirangwa,Waiswa and Okia (2010); Abbot and Homewood (1999); MEMD, 2007; Demurger and Fournier, 2010). Some of these studies discuss extensively the varieties of trees gathered, and the members of households responsible for the collection of firewood for domestic cooking. However, studies on the major determinant factors responsible for utilisation of firewood for domestic cooking, its environmental effects as well as household travel patterns to access firewood for domestic cooking is very scanty in the literature in Nigeria, if it exist at all. It is on this background that this study aims to examine the factors responsible for the utilization and over dependence on firewood for domestic energy as well as the environmental effects in Ayedaade Local Government Area of Osun State, where the forest has been experiencing degeneration over the past two decades in the council area.
STUDY AREA
Ayedaade Local Government Area of Osun State is the study area. It lies in a tropical humid climate with two distinct seasons; namely: wet and dry seasons. The wet season commences in the month of March and terminates in October of every year. On several occasions, Ayedaade Local Government Area experiences at least one heavy rainfall within the months of January, February and March. The absence of seasons, due to the geographical position of the forest and great humidity has encouraged the growth of luxuriant vegetation (Jaiyeoba, 2016).
Figure 1: Map of Ayedaade Local Government Area
In fact, the study area is located in the rainforest zone of Nigeria. The vegetation characteristic of the region comprises of hardwood trees, which includes but not limited to Meliciaexcelsa, Antarisafricana, Terminatiasuperba, Lophiraprocera and Symphoniaglobulifera (Jaiyeoba, 2016). Other important vegetation in the region includes economic trees such as cocoa, kolanut, and citrus trees. The different human activities in the region that includes arable faming, lumbering and gathering of firewood for domestic cooking have degraded the study area within the last two decades. Low access to other forms of energy for domestic use has encouraged high dependency on firewood for domestic cooking and heating. In addition to the above, many women in Ayedaade Local Government Area of Osun State engaged themselves as firewood vendors because of the surplus wood fuel in the region. Many residents of the neighbouring communities to Ayedaade Local Government Area come to trade in firewood in the region. The resultant effects of these practices include but not limited to forest depletion, loss of soil nutrients and erosion, and long commuting distance to access desired firewood species for domestic cooking. It is pertinent to note that researches carried out in Ayedaade Local Government Area of Osun State within the last twenty years focused mostly on rural development.
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
MATERIAL
Three sets of data were utilized for this research. The first group of data collected focused on the socio-economic characteristics of heads of households, sex, occupation, educational qualification, and names of their villages. The second category of data elicited from the respondents include their travel patterns to gather firewood which include distance travelled, members of households responsible for firewood collection , mode of transportation used, average distance travelled, and time spent on trip. The third category of data was based on the respondents’ preference for firewood, species of firewood gathered, and awareness of the consequences of firewood utilization on the environment.
METHODOLOGY
Thirteen rural settlements that each has population of less than 500 inhabitants that are largely dominated by agrarian community were purposively selected for the study. In each of the selected settlements, an average of sixteen heads of households was sampled for questionnaire administration. A systematic random sampling procedure was adopted in the administration of questionnaire to the heads of households. This was based on the principle that once the initial household of one in every fifth house is selected, others would follows in a sequential pattern. A structured questionnaire was employed to elicit information on sources of energy/ firewood for cooking, distance travelled to fetch firewood, mode choice of transportation, and household members responsible for fire wood collection. In addition, information relating to environmental effects of utilization of firewood for cooking purposes was elicited from the rural population.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Frequency tables were employed to present the accessibility characteristics of rural population to firewood collection points. A Linear Regression Model was used to examine the relationship between quantity of firewood utilized for domestic energy consumption and household socio-economic characteristics (Education Background and Occupation) as well as their Travel Patterns (Mode choice transportation and Average travel Time). Analysis of Variance was used to determine the awareness of the effect of utilization of firewood on the environment. Pearson Product Moment Correlation statistics was employed to examine the level of household awareness of firewood utilization for domestic cooking and its effects on the environment.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Finding reveals that firewood is the principal source of energy for domestic cooking in rural communities in Nigeria. Table 1 reveals that 80.1% of rural communities in Ayedaade Local Government Area rely on firewood as the major source of energy for cooking and heating. Approximately 13.4% of the respondents rely on kerosene for cooking. The use of electric or gas cookers are not popular as major sources of energy for domestic use in the study area. The result of this analysis is tangential to the study of poverty and firewood consumption of rural households in northern China, where Demurger and Fournier (2011), reported that a large proportion of rural communities heavily depend on traditional biomass energy for their domestic cooking and heating despite the improvement in their country economic growth within the last three decades.
Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2019
Table 1: Types of Energy Utilized for Cooking and Heating
Generally, the major occupation of the rural communities in Ayedaade Local Government Area of Osun State is farming. The people in this area practise bush burning during the pre- planting operation, where the forest is set ablaze. This activity makes firewood available for the inhabitants of the area for domestic cooking. Table 2 reveals that 74.8% of the sampled population indicated that they source for firewood from the cultivated farm site. Another 11.4% of the respondents indicated that they gather firewood from the forest. Only 1.0% of the respondents claimed that they obtained firewood from the nearby villages. Approximately 13% of the sampled rural population indicated that they are not restricted to a particular source for gathering the firewood utilised for their domestic cooking.
Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2019
Table 2: Source of Firewood Utilized for Domestic Cooking and Heating
The study area is located at the heart of tropical rainforest, where different species of trees are found. Ayunre/ Ita trees (Albizia zygia / Daniella oleivera) are the major favourite firewood trees fetched by the inhabitants of the area. Table 3 reveals that 76.2 % of the respondents claimed they gathered either Ayunre or Ita trees (Albizia zygia / Daniella oleivera) for their domestic cooking and heating. Further analysis shows that 11.4% of the rural dwellers rely on exotic tree species for their firewood consumption. Less than 10% of the inhabitants of the area indicated that they rely on dead economic trees most especially cocoa and cola nut trees, which have been affected by old age and die naturally.
Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2019
Table 3: Types of Firewood Fetched/ Utilized for Cooking
A Linear Regression Model was employed to determine average tonnes of firewood utilized for domestic cooking and heating in Ayedaade Local Government Area of Osun State. Table 4 reveals that Educational Background is one of the major determinants of firewood utilization (t=1.109, p <. 269). This could be so, because the illiterates in rural areas in Nigeria are relatively higher compared to urban centres. Similarly, Occupation is another important factor determining the volume of firewood utilization for domestic cooking (t= 3.205; p <.002). Farming is the major occupation of rural communities in the study area. The farmers in this region have access to firewood on their farm sites, nearby villages and sometimes in the uncultivated forest. Mode of Transportation and average time taken to reach firewood collection points are other important factors determining the consumption / utilization of firewood for domestic energy (t=2.098; p <.037) and (t=2.095; p <.038). Generally, there is a limit to the quantity of tonnes of firewood that are likely to be head lifted by rural people in the study area. Those respondents that have access to intermediate mode of transportation have better chance to carry large quantity of firewood than those that head load firewood to their respective villages. Similarly, the distance travel is another important factor that determines the tonnes of firewood gathered and utilized at the household level. Rural household members that commute short distances of less than 1km are likely to gather more firewood in nearby villages and cultivated farm sites than members of households that travel long distances mostly to the forest site to gather firewood. Table 4 reveals that the tonnes of firewood utilized for domestic energy depend on the distance travelled (t= 3.729; p <.00). This is significant at 0.0% because in many African countries, there is division of labour in domestic activities. Men are generally saddled with the responsibility for provision of daily needs of the family, while women take care of children, fetch water and search for firewood utilized for domestic cooking.
Coefficientsa
a. Dependent Variable: How many tonnes of firewood do you harvest for domestic purpose in one week?
Source: Author’s Computation, 2019
Table 4: Determinants Factors of Tonnes of Firewood Utilized for Domestic Cooking
In many African countries, there is division of labour in domestic activities. However, table 5 reveal that firewood collection is a collective responsibility of all members of the family in Ayedaade Local Government Area of Osun State. Table 5 indicates that 21.3% of women claimed that they are responsible for the transportation of firewood utilised in their family for their domestic cooking. Male children constitute the highest number (32.2%) of members of household responsible for gathering of firewood for domestic cooking. The female child was ranked lowest (6.9%) among the members of households responsible for firewood gathering in the study area. The result of this analysis is similar to the report of Calvo, (1994), which emphasized that in many countries in Sub –Saharan Africa, transport task is performed by a woman when movement of load is concerned within and around the villages. According to him, women are the main providers of fuel wood for cooking, food processing and heating, even though, small boys and girls both assist in the various transport activities. In terms of distance travelled to firewood collection points, Table 6 indicates that 6.9% of the sampled population in rural communities in Ayedaade Local Government Area of Osun State commute less than 1km to gather firewood for domestic cooking. More than 80% of them indicated that they travel between 1 and 2 km. Another 5.4% of the respondents indicate that they travel between 2.1 and 3kms to fetch firewood. Approximately 2.5% of the sampled population claimed that they travel beyond three kilometres to gather firewood for their domestic cooking. This can be considered outrageous when the return journey is taken into consideration. Many of the women interacted with, claimed that long distance travel together with fire wood head loading have adverse effect on their health and their participation in other economic activities.
Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2019
Table 5: Members of Household Responsible for Fetching of Firewood for Domestic Use
Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2019
Table 6: Distance Travelled to Firewood Collection Points
In many rural communities in Sub-Saharan African countries, transport takes place on foot around villages, mostly located farther away from road network. In this situation, women and their children are seriously affected as they have less access to transport services, which are more suitable for movement on tracts and paths in rural environment (RTTP, 2001). On several occasions, they commute on foot and head load freight or goods to their villages or rural markets (Chris Donnges, 2001). Table 7 reveals that more than 90% of the sampled population trekked to the firewood points in the study area. Less than 5% of the respondents indicated that they have access to intermediate mode of transportation particularly bicycle and motorcycle to transport their firewood from the farm sites to their respective villages.
Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2019
Table 7: Mode Choice of Transportation to Firewood Collection Point
The average time spent to reach and gather firewood is a major concern to some scholars. According to Stock (2012), rural women and their children in some parts of Uganda spend up to three hours per day gathering firewood for domestic cooking. The situation is worse in some parts of rural communities in Nigeria, where some women claimed that they spent more than 2 hours on their journey to search for firewood for only one trip per day depending on the location of their villages to the farm sites. Table 8 reveals that 93.1% of the villagers interviewed indicated that they spend less than 1 hour on their journey to reach firewood collection points, excluding the time used to gather firewood at the farm collection sites. Further analysis shows that 6.4% of the sampled population spend between 1 and 2 hours on their transit to firewood collection points. This implies that on the average, this category of respondents may likely spend more than 3 hours for their return journey to reach firewood collection points. Only 0.5% of the respondents indicated that they spend more than 2 hours on their trips to reach the firewood collection points.
Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2019
Table 8: Average Travel Time to Reach Firewood Collection Points
High demand for firewood for domestic cooking and heating has resulted to deforestation, scarcity of fuel wood, erosion and loss of soil nutrients in the study area. Table 9 reveals that 52.5% of the sampled population indicated that firewood, which is the major source of energy for domestic cooking, has accelerated the rate of deforestation in the region.
Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2019
Table 9: Consequences of Firewood Utilization for Domestic Cooking on Environment
Some of the respondents particularly farmers in some of the rural communities studied expressed their dissatisfaction about how the Ago-Owu Forest Reserve has been exploited to the extent that both valuable and non-valuable trees have been cut for lumbering and firewood consumption without embarking on afforestation in the region. Another 14.9% of the respondents claimed that excessive demand for firewood results to wanton destruction of the forest in some rural communities of Ayedaade, which has been largely responsible for the gully erosion that hinders cultivation of arable crops in the region in the last 20 years. Table nine further reveals that the exposure of land to various agents of denudation, especially water erosion, has led to the loss of soil nutrients with adverse effects on soil productivity in the region. Deforestation and continuous fetching of firewood for domestic cooking have driven some animals away from Ayedaade Local Government Area. Generally, many women in rural communities in Nigeria suffer ailments resulting from the use of firewood for cooking throughout the day. Inhaling excessive smoke from the use of firewood for domestic cooking has adverse effect on the health of the people (Olugboji, 2016). Table 9 reveals that 7.9% of the respondents claimed that smoking emanating from firewood utilised for cooking has adverse effect on their health.
Generally, the level of education of the people in rural communities in many sub-Saharan countries and Nigeria in particular determine their perception of the effect of utilization of firewood for domestic cooking and heating on the environment. Table 10 indicates that the perception of utilization of firewood for domestic cooking and heating vary (F=2.171, p<.059) according to the level of education of rural dwellers sampled across the thirteen rural settlements in the study area. This implies that the higher the level of education, the higher the probability of searching for alternative energy (kerosene and gas cooker) for domestic cooking.
Dependent Variable: Educational Background
Independent Variable: Tonnes of Firewood Utilization for domestic cooking
Source: Author’s computation: 2019
Table 10: The Effects of Educational Background on Firewood Utilization ANOVA
Table 11 reveals that there is positive correlation between the level of awareness of forest conservation and the effect of firewood utilization for domestic energy. The Correlation Coefficient is R= .149 and it is significant at 0.05 level. Similarly, there is a correlation between the level of awareness of the effect of firewood utilization on the environment and belief in forest conservation. The correlation coefficient is R=. 521 and it is significant at 0.01 level.
Correlations
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Source: Author’s Computation: 2019
Table 11: Correlation of Level of Awareness of Firewood Utilization for Domestic Cooking and its effects on the Environment
CONCLUSION AND PLANNING IMPLICATIONS
The introductory part of this study revealed that firewood is the major source of energy for domestic cooking and heating in rural communities in Nigeria and other developing countries of the world. Women and their children were majorly responsible for gathering of firewood for domestic energy. They commute on foot and travel long distances on tracts and footpaths to reach firewood collection points. In the section on methodology, data on socio-economic characteristics such as age, educational level and members of households responsible for fire wood collection was elicited from 210 heads of households across 13 rural settlements with population less than 500 inhabitants. Other data collected include travel behaviour of household members to firewood collection points such as distances travelled, mode of transportation used, tonnes of firewood utilization as well as their level of awareness of the environmental effects of firewood utilization for domestic energy in the area. Tables and percentages were employed to describe the pattern of trips to firewood collection points, socio-economic characteristics of members of households responsible for firewood collection as well as the effects of firewood gathering on the environment. The result of the analysis reveals that more than 80% of the rural communities in Ayedaade Local Government Area of Osun State rely on firewood for cooking and heating. Women and their children walk long distances and carry firewood on their heads to their respective villages. The result of Linear Regression Model reveals that the tonnes of firewood utilized for domestic cooking depend on the household level of education, occupation, mode choice of transportation to firewood collection points, distance travel and time spent on transit to reach firewood collection points. All these variables are significant at 0.05%. Deforestation is the major environmental effect (52.5%) of firewood utilization for domestic cooking in the study area. Erosion, loss of fauna (Animals) and soil nutrients represent 14.9%, 12.9% and 11.9% respectively for the environmental effects of firewood utilization for domestic energy in Ayedaade Local Government Area of Osun State. The study concludes that there is need to sensitize the rural population on the effect of utilization of firewood for domestic cooking on the environment. In conclusion, it is recommended that intermediate means of transportation particularly bicycle and motorcycle that can operate on footpaths should be made available at subsidized rates for easy movement of firewood from the farm sites to the villages. The study recommends that alternative energy sources for cooking such as kerosene and gas should be made available for the rural population, as these are less harmful to the environment.
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To cite this article
Electronic reference
Musilimu Adeyinka ADETUNJI (2020). “Effects of Rural Firewood Transportation and Utilization in Ayedaade Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria”. Canadian journal of tropical geography/Revue canadienne de géographie tropicale [Online], Vol. (7) 1. Online in November 25, 2020, pp. 1-7. URL: http://laurentian.ca/cjtg
Author
Musilimu Adeyinka ADETUNJI
Federal University Lokoja
Faculty of Social Sciences
Kogi State, Nigeria
Email: musilimuadetunji@yahoo.com/maadetunji@yahoo.com
